Both primary and secondary succession begin with pioneer species that-

A.change the area and make it safer from predatory organisms***
B.invade the area so that new organisms cannot be established.
C.modify the area and allow larger and more complex organisms to appear
D.use up all the existing resources and prevent establishment of non-native organisms

1. A. gulls

2. D the organisms that fit in box 7 only
3. C It has a producer-consumer relationship with sugar-maple trees because it gets food from the trees.
4.C modify the area and allow larger and more complex organisms to appear.
5. D the plant populations would be reduced.
6. A the sun shining in the sky.
7. D Barnacles create home sites by attaching themselves to whales....
8. A. ox-peckers (bird) feed on the ticks found on a rhinoceros...
9. C. rocks, water, sunlight, nutrients, climates, and other nonliving things.
10. D all of the above

oops I meant C

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The correct answer is C. modify the area and allow larger and more complex organisms to appear.

To determine the correct answer, let's break down each option:

A. Change the area and make it safer from predatory organisms: While pioneer species do create changes in their environment, such as altering soil conditions or providing shelter, their primary role is not to specifically make the area safer from predators. This option is not entirely accurate.

B. Invade the area so that new organisms cannot be established: This option is incorrect. Pioneer species do not invade an area to prevent the establishment of new organisms. In fact, they pave the way for new organisms to colonize and establish themselves.

C. Modify the area and allow larger and more complex organisms to appear: This is the correct answer. Pioneer species, which are typically hardy and adaptable, initially colonize a barren or disturbed area. Through their presence and activities, pioneer species modify the environment, making it more hospitable for other organisms to establish themselves. Over time, larger and more complex organisms can appear and thrive.

D. Use up all the existing resources and prevent the establishment of non-native organisms: This option is incorrect. Pioneer species play a crucial role in preparing the environment for colonization; they do not deplete resources or prevent the establishment of non-native organisms.

To summarize, the correct answer is C. Pioneer species modify the area by altering conditions, allowing for the establishment of larger and more complex organisms as succession progresses.

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