equations of thereactions of both maleic acid and fumaric acid with (a) bromine (b) hydrogen chloride (c) catalytic hydrogenation.name the products of these reaction
(a) Reaction of Maleic Acid and Fumaric Acid with Bromine:
Maleic Acid:
The reaction of maleic acid with bromine is an addition reaction. It yields dibromo maleic acid.
Step 1: Maleic acid (C4H4O4) reacts with bromine (Br2) to form an intermediate.
C4H4O4 + Br2 → Intermediate
Step 2: The intermediate undergoes a rearrangement to form dibromo maleic acid.
Intermediate → C4H2Br2O4 (dibromo maleic acid)
Fumaric Acid:
Fumaric acid does not readily react with bromine in an addition reaction.
(b) Reaction of Maleic Acid and Fumaric Acid with Hydrogen Chloride:
Maleic Acid:
The reaction of maleic acid with hydrogen chloride is an addition reaction. It yields maleic acid chloride.
Step 1: Maleic acid (C4H4O4) reacts with hydrogen chloride (HCl) to form an intermediate.
C4H4O4 + HCl → Intermediate
Step 2: The intermediate undergoes a rearrangement to form maleic acid chloride.
Intermediate → C4H3ClO4 (maleic acid chloride)
Fumaric Acid:
The reaction of fumaric acid with hydrogen chloride is an addition reaction. It yields fumaric acid chloride.
Step 1: Fumaric acid (C4H4O4) reacts with hydrogen chloride (HCl) to form an intermediate.
C4H4O4 + HCl → Intermediate
Step 2: The intermediate undergoes a rearrangement to form fumaric acid chloride.
Intermediate → C4H3ClO4 (fumaric acid chloride)
(c) Catalytic Hydrogenation of Maleic Acid and Fumaric Acid:
Maleic Acid:
The catalytic hydrogenation of maleic acid involves the conversion of the double bond into a single bond. It produces succinic acid.
Catalytic Hydrogenation of Maleic Acid:
C4H4O4 + 2H2 → C4H8O4 (succinic acid)
Fumaric Acid:
The catalytic hydrogenation of fumaric acid also involves the conversion of the double bond into a single bond. It produces succinic acid.
Catalytic Hydrogenation of Fumaric Acid:
C4H4O4 + 2H2 → C4H8O4 (succinic acid)
In summary, the reactions and products are as follows:
(a) Reaction with Bromine:
Maleic Acid: C4H4O4 + Br2 → C4H2Br2O4 (dibromo maleic acid)
Fumaric Acid: No reaction with bromine
(b) Reaction with Hydrogen Chloride:
Maleic Acid: C4H4O4 + HCl → C4H3ClO4 (maleic acid chloride)
Fumaric Acid: C4H4O4 + HCl → C4H3ClO4 (fumaric acid chloride)
(c) Catalytic Hydrogenation:
Maleic Acid: C4H4O4 + 2H2 → C4H8O4 (succinic acid)
Fumaric Acid: C4H4O4 + 2H2 → C4H8O4 (succinic acid)
To determine the equations of the reactions of maleic acid and fumaric acid with various substances, we need to understand the chemical properties of these compounds and the reactions they can undergo. Here's how you can determine the equations and products for each case:
(a) Reaction with Bromine:
Both maleic acid and fumaric acid contain a carbon-carbon double bond, which is susceptible to addition reactions. Bromine (Br2) can undergo an addition reaction with these acids, resulting in the addition of bromine atoms across the double bond.
- Maleic Acid:
The reaction with bromine will result in the addition of two bromine atoms across the double bond, converting maleic acid into a 2,3-dibromo succinic acid.
The equation can be written as:
Maleic Acid + Br2 → 2,3-dibromo succinic acid
- Fumaric Acid:
As fumaric acid exists in a trans-configuration, it does not readily undergo addition reactions. Therefore, fumaric acid does not react with bromine under normal conditions.
(b) Reaction with Hydrogen Chloride (HCl):
Both maleic acid and fumaric acid can react with hydrogen chloride due to the presence of the carboxylic acid group (COOH). This reaction is known as an acid-base reaction, where the acid reacts with the base (HCl) to form a salt and water.
- Maleic Acid:
The equation can be written as:
Maleic Acid + HCl → Maleic Acid Hydrochloride (salt) + Water
- Fumaric Acid:
The equation can be written as:
Fumaric Acid + HCl → Fumaric Acid Hydrochloride (salt) + Water
(c) Catalytic Hydrogenation:
Maleic acid and fumaric acid can also undergo catalytic hydrogenation, where the carbon-carbon double bond is converted to a single bond in the presence of a catalyst such as platinum (Pt) or palladium (Pd). This reaction adds hydrogen (H2) across the double bond.
- Maleic Acid:
The equation can be written as:
Maleic Acid + H2 (in the presence of Pt or Pd catalyst) → Succinic Acid
- Fumaric Acid:
The equation can be written as:
Fumaric Acid + H2 (in the presence of Pt or Pd catalyst) → Succinic Acid
In all cases, the products of the reactions are mentioned above. However, it's important to note that the reaction conditions and reactant concentrations may influence the product formation.