the hydraulic theory of state formation is
Are these your choices?
polities conquer societies which have irrigation.
polities with irrigation systems conquer smaller political units.
centralized government is necessary to organize and maintain irrigation systems.
state authorities are needed to develop a calendar for irrigation times.
What is your answer?
I agree.
The hydraulic theory of state formation, also known as the "hydraulic hypothesis," is a socio-political theory proposed by Karl Wittfogel in the 1950s. It suggests that the rise of early states in certain regions of the world, such as ancient Mesopotamia, China, and Egypt, was influenced by the need to control and manage water resources, particularly in arid or semi-arid environments.
According to the hydraulic theory, the development of large-scale irrigation systems necessary for agriculture and civilization required centralized authority and organization. The construction and maintenance of such systems required substantial labor and coordination, which ultimately led to the emergence of a powerful ruling elite that centralized political power and controlled the distribution of resources.
To understand the hydraulic theory of state formation better, one can study scholarly works and literature on the topic. Books such as "Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power" by Karl Wittfogel or "Cities and Civilizations" by Norman F. Cantor provide a comprehensive understanding of this theory.
Additionally, exploring archaeological evidence, ancient texts, and historical records of regions where hydraulic societies developed can shed light on the correlation between water management and state formation. These sources may include archaeological excavations, such as the remains of ancient irrigation systems or administrative buildings, as well as written records that mention the use of water resources for agricultural purposes and societal control.
It is important to note that the hydraulic theory of state formation is a theory and not an absolute truth. Scholars have presented various critiques and alternative theories questioning the universality and applicability of this hypothesis. Exploring different perspectives and engaging with scholarly debates will provide a more nuanced understanding of the hydraulic theory and its limitations.