Describe how the verb argument structure(VAC)subject+verb++lo… is learned by a second language learner?
why or how based on Ellis and Larsen-Freeman(2009) and Eskilsden(2008) all make the case that second language learning emerges from usage, from a learner's experience with a language
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The verb argument structure (VAC) refers to the relationship between a verb, its subject, and other arguments, such as direct objects or indirect objects. Learning VAC is an important aspect of second language acquisition. According to Ellis and Larsen-Freeman (2009) and Eskilsden (2008), second language learning is believed to emerge from usage and a learner's experience with the language. Here's how learners may acquire VAC:
1. Exposure to Input: Second language learners need exposure to target language input that contains varying instances of VAC. This can come from listening to native speakers, reading authentic texts, and engaging in conversations.
2. Noticing Patterns: Learners start to notice recurring patterns in the language, including VAC structures. For example, they observe how certain verbs are consistently followed by certain arguments in sentences.
3. Hypothesis Formation: Based on their observations and prior language knowledge, learners form hypotheses about the VAC patterns they notice. They may make educated guesses about which arguments go with which verbs.
4. Testing the Hypotheses: Learners then test their hypotheses by using the language in meaningful contexts. They produce sentences with different VAC structures and observe how native speakers respond and how well the sentences fit the intended meaning.
5. Feedback and Corrective Input: Through feedback from the environment, including native speaker corrections and self-evaluation, learners become aware of any errors or inconsistencies in their use of VAC. This feedback helps refine their understanding and application of VAC structures.
6. Consolidation and Automatization: With continued exposure, practice, and feedback, learners internalize and automatize the VAC patterns. As the patterns become more natural, learners are then able to produce and understand VAC structures accurately and fluently.
It's important to note that this is a simplified explanation and the process of learning VAC can vary depending on the individual learner's experiences, motivation, and exposure to the language.