In her 1996 article in Cultural Anthropology, Liisa Malkki argues that refugees are “speechless emissaries.” Draw from Malkki’s article, lectures, and tutorials to explain this argument. Your explanation should address the following questions:
What identity stereotypes are associated with the term “refugee”? (2)
The term "refugee" is often associated with identity stereotypes that portray refugees as helpless, voiceless victims who are in need of saving or assistance from more privileged individuals or groups. This stereotype positions refugees as passive recipients of aid rather than active agents with their own agency, capabilities, and voices. It also tends to essentialize refugees as a homogeneous group with limited individuality or diversity, failing to recognize the unique experiences, skills, and perspectives that each refugee brings to their situation.
Additionally, the stereotype of the speechless refugee reinforces power dynamics that marginalize and disempower refugees, denying them the opportunity to speak for themselves and shape their own narratives. This can lead to a dehumanization of refugees, reducing them to mere statistics or objects of pity rather than fully realized human beings with their own stories, desires, and aspirations.
By labeling refugees as "speechless emissaries," Malkki highlights the importance of recognizing and amplifying the voices and agency of refugees themselves in order to challenge and disrupt these harmful stereotypes. She argues that refugees are not just passive recipients of aid, but rather active agents who have the capacity to speak for themselves and advocate for their own needs and rights. By acknowledging and amplifying the voices of refugees, we can move towards a more nuanced and respectful understanding of their experiences and identities, and work towards more inclusive and empowering approaches to refugee support and advocacy.