Give the Description/Court Decision for the following cases: Marbury v. Madison
Brown v. Board of Education
Miranda v. Arizona
Tinker v. Des Moines
New Jersey v. T.L.O.
McDonald v. Chicago
U.S. v. Nixon
Marbury v. Madison (1803) - This case established the principle of judicial review, in which the Supreme Court has the power to review the constitutionality of acts of Congress.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) - In this landmark case, the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, effectively ending the "separate but equal" doctrine.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966) - This case required law enforcement to inform individuals of their rights, including the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney, before questioning them in police custody.
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) - In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that students do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate," protecting student speech unless it significantly disrupts the educational environment.
New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985) - The Supreme Court ruled that school officials can search students' possessions if they have reasonable suspicion that a crime or school rule has been violated.
McDonald v. Chicago (2010) - This case extended the individual right to bear arms, as established in the Second Amendment, to state and local governments.
U.S. v. Nixon (1974) - The Supreme Court ruled that President Nixon had to turn over tapes that were subpoenaed in relation to the Watergate scandal, setting a precedent for the limits of executive privilege and asserting the principle that the President is not above the law.