Which of the following represent correlation and which represent causation? Note that the labels (correlation and causation) may match more than one target or description.
causation
correlation
Rates of dental cavities have increased in the last 100 years and so has the average sugar intake, which stimulates bacteria that erode tooth enamel.
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The incidence of disease from pertussis, small pox, tetanus, and polio has decreased dramatically in the last 100 years, and the rate of vaccination against pertussis, small pox, tetanus, and polio has correspondingly increased.
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Cell phone usage has increased dramatically in the last 100 years and so have autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
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The rate of vaccination has increased in the last 100 years and so has the incidence of disorders such as autism.
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Causation:
- Rates of dental cavities have increased in the last 100 years and so has the average sugar intake, which stimulates bacteria that erode tooth enamel.
Correlation:
- The incidence of disease from pertussis, small pox, tetanus, and polio has decreased dramatically in the last 100 years, and the rate of vaccination against pertussis, small pox, tetanus, and polio has correspondingly increased.
- Cell phone usage has increased dramatically in the last 100 years and so have autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
- The rate of vaccination has increased in the last 100 years and so has the incidence of disorders such as autism.