Identify the following scientific studies as examples of basic research or applied research.

applied
basic
investigating the effect of probiotic microbial communities in cosmetics on skin health
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Paul Offit’s research on the rotavirus vaccine
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investigating the impact of ozone on plant leaf function
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investigating the effect of microbial communities in the elemental cycling of carbon in soils
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applied: investigating the effect of probiotic microbial communities in cosmetics on skin health

basic: Paul Offit’s research on the rotavirus vaccine
basic: investigating the impact of ozone on plant leaf function
basic: investigating the effect of microbial communities in the elemental cycling of carbon in soils