Which of the following was a common challenge faced by leaders in both Africa and the Middle East following World War II

One common challenge faced by leaders in both Africa and the Middle East following World War II was the struggle for independence from colonial powers. Many countries in both regions had been colonized by European powers, and after the war, there was a strong desire for self-determination and independence from colonial rule. Leaders in Africa and the Middle East had to navigate the complex process of decolonization and building independent nations in the post-war era.