Use examples to define and describe the difference between data and information.
Ensure that you define the concepts’ data and information and supplement your
answer with an example to differentiate between these two concepts. You may not
use examples used in your prescribed textbook.
(6)
Q.1.2 Data quality is vital for the organisation to make accurate short- and long-term
business decisions. Use an example to explain data accuracy and why it is essential
regarding data quality.
(4)
QUESTIONS 2 TO 3 WILL BE BASED ON THE DATABASE BELOW.
Database name: Photography_Competitions
Table name: PHOTOGRAPHERS
PHOTOGRAPHER _CODE PHOTOGRAPHER_NAME
A001 Thabo Ndlovu
A002 Clark Grobler
A003 Sbonelo Mthaba
A004 Teagan Boland
Table name: PHOTOGRAPHS
PHOTO_CODE PHOTO_DESCRIPTION PHOTOGRAPHER _CODE CATEGORY_CODE
B001 Lion’s Pride A001 C001
B002 Prada Proud A002 C002
B003 Flower Arrangement A003 C004
B004 Rush Hour Traffic A004 C003
B005 Taking Flight A001 C001
B006 Worker Protests A003 C005
B007 Oakley Summer 2023 A002 C002
B008 Farm Life A001 C001
B009 Antique Chair A002 C004
B010 City Life A004 C003
B011 Guess Who A002 C002
B012 Ukraine War A003 C005
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Table name: CATEGORIES
CATEGORY_CODE CATEGORY_NAME
C001 Wildlife
C002 Fashion
C003 Street Photos
C004 Still Life Photos
C005 Photojournalism
Table name: COMPETITIONS
COMPETITION_CODE COMPETITION_NAME
D001 Polaroid Photography Awards
D002 Sunday Times Best Photo 2023
D003 New York International Photo Awards
Table name: COMPETITION_ENTRIES
ENTRY_CODE COMPETITION_CODE PHOTO_CODE
E001 D002 B012
E002 D001 B007
E003 D003 B005
E004 D002 B003
E005 D003 B010
Question 2 (Marks: 10)
Use the database example provided to define and explain the following data model building blocks
with examples:
Q.2.1 An entity (2)
Q.2.2 An attribute (2)
Q.2.3 A one-to-many relationship (2)
Q.2.4 A many-to-many relationship (2)
Q.2.5 A constraint (2)
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Question 3 (Marks: 15)
Refer to the database example provided to answer the questions that follow.
Q.3.1 For each table in the database, identify the primary- and foreign key(s). If a table has
no foreign key(s), write None in the space provided.
Table Primary Key Foreign Key
PHOTOGRAPHERS
PHOTOGRAPHS
CATEGORIES
COMPETITIONS
COMPETITION_ENTRIES
(10)
Q.3.2 Name and describe the relationship between the CATEGORIES and PHOTOGRAPHS
tables.
(5)
Question 4 (Marks: 25)
Draw an Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) using Unified Modelling Language (UML) notation
according to the below business rules. Your design should be at the logical level – include primary
and foreign key fields, and remember to remove any many-to-many relationships.
Tip: Pay attention to the mark allocation shown below.
Cat competition business rules:
• All entities must have surrogate primary keys.
• Each cat belongs to one specific breed, and many cats can belong to the same breed.
• Each owner owns one or more cats, and every cat has exactly one owner.
• A cat can enter many competitions, and many cats can enter the same competition.
Entities 5 marks
Relationships 4 marks
Multiplicities 4 marks
Primary keys 5 marks
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Page 7 of 11
Foreign keys 4 marks
Correct UML Notation 3 marks
Total 25 mark
Q1.1
Data refers to raw, unorganized facts and figures that need to be processed to make sense. For example, a list of numbers (50, 30, 20, 40) would be considered data. Information, on the other hand, is data that has been processed and analyzed to provide context, relevance, and purpose. For example, when those numbers are calculated and interpreted as the highest to lowest values, that would be considered information.
Q1.2
Data accuracy refers to the correctness and precision of the data being collected and used in decision-making processes. For example, if a company is analyzing sales data to determine trends, it is essential for the data to accurately reflect the actual sales numbers. Inaccurate data can lead to faulty analysis and incorrect business decisions, highlighting the importance of data accuracy in ensuring high data quality.
Q2.1
Entity: In the Photography_Competitions database, the PHOTOGRAPHERS table is an entity. It represents a collection of photographer details such as photographer code and photographer name.
Q2.2
Attribute: In the Photography_Competitions database, the attribute PHOTO_DESCRIPTION in the PHOTOGRAPHS table describes the specific details of a photograph, such as its description.
Q2.3
One-to-many relationship: In the Photography_Competitions database, the relationship between the PHOTOGRAPHERS and PHOTOGRAPHS tables is one-to-many. One photographer can have many photographs, but a photograph can only belong to one photographer.
Q2.4
Many-to-many relationship: In the Photography_Competitions database, there is a many-to-many relationship between the PHOTOGRAPHS and CATEGORIES tables. A photograph can belong to multiple categories, and a category can have multiple photographs.
Q2.5
Constraint: In the Photography_Competitions database, a constraint could be ensuring that the PHOTOGRAPHER_CODE in the PHOTOGRAPHS table must match an existing value in the PHOTOGRAPHERS table, maintaining referential integrity.
Q3.1
Table Primary Key Foreign Key
PHOTOGRAPHERS PHOTOGRAPHER_CODE None
PHOTOGRAPHS PHOTO_CODE PHOTOGRAPHER_CODE
CATEGORIES CATEGORY_CODE None
COMPETITIONS COMPETITION_CODE None
COMPETITION_ENTRIES ENTRY_CODE COMPETITION_CODE, PHOTO_CODE
Q3.2
The relationship between the CATEGORIES and PHOTOGRAPHS tables is a one-to-many relationship. This means that a category can have many photographs associated with it, but each photograph can only be assigned to one category.