It is possible that a civilization could have developed without the specific development of agriculture as we know it today. Some societies, such as hunter-gatherer cultures, managed to sustain themselves without relying on traditional agriculture. However, the development of agriculture played a crucial role in the formation of complex societies and civilizations by allowing for the production of surplus food, which in turn supported larger populations, the growth of cities, and the establishment of social hierarchies. So while it is theoretically possible for a civilization to have developed without traditional agriculture, it would likely have been very different in nature and structure compared to civilizations that did develop agriculture.
