1 what is cell wall? 2 what is cytoplasm? 3what is cell made up of? 4 who discovered cell and how? 5 How do subtances move out of the cell?
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1) The cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane of plant cells, fungi, bacteria, and some archaea. It provides support and protection to the cell, helping it maintain its shape and preventing it from bursting under pressure. The cell wall is primarily composed of complex carbohydrates such as cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, and peptidoglycan in bacteria.
2) The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance that fills the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It is a complex mixture of water, salts, proteins, organelles, and other molecules. The cytoplasm acts as a medium for many cellular processes, including metabolism, protein synthesis, and intracellular transport.
3) Cells are made up of various components, each with their own specific functions. These components include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles (such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, etc.), and various molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
4) The cell was discovered by the English scientist Robert Hooke in 1665. He observed thin slices of cork under a microscope and noticed small compartments that reminded him of the cells inhabited by monks in monasteries, hence the term "cell". However, the discovery of cells as the fundamental units of life is credited to the German scientist Matthias Schleiden (botanist) and Theodor Schwann (zoologist) in the 1830s. They proposed the cell theory, which states that all living organisms are composed of cells and that cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.
5) Substances move out of the cell through various processes, including diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and exocytosis.
- Diffusion: Small molecules like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and small hydrophobic molecules can passively diffuse across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
- Osmosis: The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane, from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration, is called osmosis.
- Active Transport: When substances need to move against the concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration), the cell uses energy to actively transport them through specific carrier proteins or pumps.
- Exocytosis: Large molecules or particles are transported out of the cell by fusing vesicles containing the substance with the cell membrane and releasing the contents outside the cell.
These processes collectively enable the movement of substances into and out of the cell, maintaining homeostasis and allowing cells to function properly.