Yes, the Roman Republic had a system of government that could be seen as oligarchic in nature. The Roman Republic was ruled by a small group of elite families known as the patricians, who held most of the political power and controlled the government. This oligarchic system was balanced to some extent by the presence of the plebeians, who were common citizens with limited political rights. Over time, the plebeians gained more rights and representation in the government, but the oligarchic nature of Roman politics persisted throughout the Republic's existence.
