Which of the following study designs can determine a cause-and-effect relationship? Option #1: an observational study Option # 2: an experimental study Option #3 a survey
Option #2: an experimental study.
Experimental studies involve manipulation of variables and random assignment of participants to different groups, allowing researchers to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the variables being studied. Observational studies and surveys may show associations between variables, but cannot definitively determine causation.