Compare and contrast the Chinese government bureaucracy under the Tang and Song dynasties. How was it similar? How did it differ? (4 points)
Similarities:
1. Both the Tang and Song dynasties had a hierarchical bureaucratic system with a centralized government led by an emperor.
2. Both dynasties employed a civil service examination system to select officials based on merit rather than hereditary status.
3. Both dynasties had a complex bureaucracy with different levels of government officials overseeing various aspects of governance.
4. Both dynasties had a system of taxation and land distribution to support the government and maintain social order.
Differences:
1. The Tang dynasty had a more militaristic bureaucracy, with military officials holding significant power and influence in the government, while the Song dynasty placed greater emphasis on civil administration and cultural achievements.
2. The Song dynasty had a more refined and sophisticated bureaucracy, with advancements in art, literature, science, and technology influencing government policies, compared to the Tang dynasty which focused more on military conquest and expansion.
3. The Tang dynasty had a larger territory and faced more frequent border threats, leading to a more militarized bureaucracy, while the Song dynasty had a more stable and prosperous economy that allowed for a more sophisticated and cultural government.
4. The Tang dynasty had a more relaxed and tolerant approach to foreign cultural influences, while the Song dynasty was more conservative and traditional in its policies and governance.