Application Layer

The application layer is the topmost layer of the OSI model and is responsible for providing various services and protocols for communication between applications or services on different devices. It is where the actual communication between users and applications takes place.

The application layer includes protocols that allow for activities such as file transfer, email services, web browsing, and sharing resources on a network. Examples of protocols found at the application layer include HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and POP3.

This layer also provides interfaces for users to interact with the network and access resources, as well as handles the presentation layer, which is responsible for formatting and presenting data to the application layer.

Overall, the application layer plays a crucial role in enabling communication and interaction between different applications and services on a network.