Greece The Ottomans had ruled Greece since the crumbling of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century. But the Greeks had kept a strong sense of national consciousness through the Greek language and the Greek Orthodox Church As a sign of the growing nationalism in Europe, the Greeks began a war for independence in 1821. People known as philhellenes, lovers of Greek culture, throughout Europe donated money or even came to fight for the Greeks. The governments of Great Britain, France, and Russia added their support as a way to weaken the Ottomas. The European powers brokered a treaty in 1830, and Greek independence was settled in July 1832.
Serbia Serbians, though under Ottoman domination even longer than the Greeks, retained their cultural identity through their language and religion. Like the Greeks and the Russians, they were Orthodox Christians rather than Roman Catholics. In the early 1800s, Serbian uprisings against the Ottomans brought some autonomy, but not independence. However, with the aid of its Orthodox ally Russia, Serbia won independence in 1878.
Other Lands Wars and diplomatic maneuvering costs the Ottomans control over other ands throughout the late 1800s and the early 1900s. Most of the Balkans, the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus and Crete, and Egypt all became independent or under the control of another empire. By 1914, when World War I began, the Ottoman Empire was crumbling.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire
In 1848, citizens demanding greater participation in government, such as allowing more people to vote, rebelled in Paris and throughout Europe. In Vienna, the capital of Austria-Hungary, demands for political change combined with demands by ethnic groups for self-government. The Austrian ruler, Franz Joseph, tried to maintain absolute power. However, that became difficult as ethnic groups rebelled, often with the support of Austria's rivals such as France and Prussia.
• Hungarian nationalists led by Louis Kossuth disliked living under Austrian leadership. In 1867, they won local autonomy, and the empire was divided into a dual monarchy. However, Hungarians did not win full independence until after World War I.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire including many groups of Slavs. Among the largest were the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, and Croats.
The king of Sardinia-Piedmont liberated northern Italy from Austrian con- trol. The territory became part of the newly formed country of Italy.
The Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary joined with Germany in World War I (The war is described in Chapter 5.) Their defeat, along with the spreading commitment to the idea that cultural groups had a right to determine their own government, brought an end to the two large multiethnic states.
Central and Southern Europe Austria and Hungary became separate. independent states. New states created included Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia (made up of several groups of Slavs).
Middle East The Ottoman Empire was reduced to just the independent state of Turkey. Other lands were stripped away and became either independent states or territories under the control of European powers. For example, Iraq came under the control of Great Britam, while France took over Syria and Lebanon.
How is the fate of the austro-hungarian empire similar to that of the ottoman empire written like a 8th grader short