A second great figure unifying Italy was Giuseppe (Joseph) Garibaldi. In 1848, he led troops in the northern Italian states in a failed revolt against Austrian rule. The following year, he attempted to replace the pope's rule over Rome with a more liberal government. The effort failed when French troops sent by Napoleon III arrived to back the pope. As a result, Garibaldi, too, was exiled. Cavour In 1852, the Italian unification movement gained new life under Camillo di Cavour. This period, called the Risorgimento, or reawakening. saw King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia and Piedmont name Cavour prime minister. Cavour believed in constitutional monarchy and in industrial growth. He strengthened the economy of Piedmont, which bordered France and Switzerland in the northwest of Italy, so that it had the power to win Italian territory from Austria. Cavour's first move was to arrange a secret alliance with France and then provoke a war with Austria. When Austrian troops invaded Piedmont, the French aided the Italians. The 1859 treaty that ended the war ceded the northern Italian state of Lombardy to Piedmont. The Austrian invasion increased nationalist feelings across northern Italy. Rebellions broke out as Tuscany, Parma, and Modena demanded freedom from Austrian control and unification with Piedmont Austria agreed. The foundation for the Italian nation had been built.
Garibaldi's Return In May 1860, Garibaldi landed on the island of Sicily with an army of about 1.000 soldiers called Red Shirts. His fiercely nationalistic soldiers defeated the larger, professional army of the island's Bourbon rulers. Then Garibaldi and his army crossed over to mainland Italy, taking control of the southern third of the peninsula. Cavour sent the Piedmontese army to aid Garibaldi, helping him capture the Papal States in central Italy (but not Rome). Garibaldi and his Red Shirts transferred their conquered territory to Victor Emmanuel, who became King of Italy in March 1861.
In 1866, Prussia's victory over Austria in the Seven Weeks' War ended Austria's control over Venetia in Italy's northeast. Then, in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War, the French withdrew their troops from Rome and Italian troops moved in. In 1871, for the first time in many centuries, the entire peninsul was part of the same state. The leaders of unification were honored: Mazzini as the soul, Cavour as the brains, and Garibaldi as the sword.
The upsurge of nationalism felt by the peoples of Europe had differing effects in different regions and situations. In the cases of Germany and Italy, it brought smaller, culturally similar entities together to form unitary states. But in the cases of the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires, the opposite occurred. Ethnic nationalism, combined with religious differences, caused the empires to divide. The Ottoman Empire
In the 1800s, the Ottoman Empire suffered overexpansion and a failure to modernize. As a result, it experienced palace coups, declining trade, weakening leadership, and rampant corruption. As the empire declined, long-standing ethnic and religious differences emerged which grew into rebellions and loss of territory.
Geography of the Balkans One region where the Ottomans lost power was in the Balkans, a mountainous region of southeastern Europe. Because the region is so mountainous, communication and transportation were always difficult. People remained separated and maintained distinct cultures more so than in less mountainous regions such as France or Germany.
How was the italian rebellion affected by other conflicts in europe at the time? written like a 8th grader short