A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a combination of physical systems, such as sensors, actuators, and machines, interconnected with computer systems to interact with the physical world. CPSs integrate computational algorithms and physical components to monitor and control real-world processes, and enable the seamless interaction between the physical and cyber worlds. These systems are used in various applications such as automated manufacturing, smart cities, autonomous vehicles, and healthcare systems. They are characterized by their ability to adapt to changing environments, communicate with other systems, and make decisions autonomously.
