Physical factors such as desert landscapes and mountainous terrain served as barriers to the spread of Islam in some regions, making it difficult for missionaries and traders to travel and communicate with people. Human factors such as social hierarchies and cultural resistance also served as barriers, as some communities were resistant to adopting a new religion that challenged their traditional beliefs and practices. On the other hand, physical factors such as trade routes and oases served as supports for the spread of Islam, facilitating communication and interaction between different regions and cultures. Human factors such as the appeal of Islamic teachings and the political power of Islamic rulers also supported the spread of Islam by attracting followers and establishing centralized authority in new territories.
