Provide a critical discussion on the psychoanalytical theory related to the development of young children
and how childhood experiences may impact adulthood. Use examples and literature sources to support
your arguments.
include the references
Psychoanalytical theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping an individual's personality and behavior. According to Freud, children undergo a series of psychosexual stages that have a significant impact on their development. Failure to successfully navigate these stages can lead to unresolved conflicts and psychological issues in adulthood.
One of the key concepts in psychoanalytical theory is the Oedipus complex, which occurs during the phallic stage of development. According to Freud, young boys experience sexual desires for their mothers and feel hostility towards their fathers. This complex, if not resolved, can result in feelings of guilt and anxiety that may manifest in a variety of ways in adulthood.
An example of how childhood experiences can impact adulthood can be seen in the famous case study of Little Hans conducted by Freud. Little Hans was a young boy who developed a phobia of horses after witnessing a horse falling in the street. Through psychoanalysis, Freud determined that Hans' phobia was a result of his unconscious fear of his father and his desire to possess his mother. This case study highlights how unresolved conflicts from childhood can manifest in the form of psychological issues in adulthood.
Another important aspect of Freudian theory is the concept of defense mechanisms, which individuals use to cope with anxiety and protect themselves from distressing thoughts and feelings. For example, repression, when someone pushes threatening thoughts or memories into the unconscious mind, can result in unresolved conflicts that may impact emotional well-being in adulthood.
Research studies have supported the idea that childhood experiences can have a lasting impact on adult behavior. For example, a study by Raby et al. (2015) found that adults who experienced insecure attachment styles in childhood were more likely to have difficulties forming and maintaining healthy relationships in adulthood.
In conclusion, psychoanalytical theory provides valuable insights into the role of childhood experiences in shaping adult behavior. By understanding how early experiences can impact development, individuals can work towards resolving unresolved conflicts and achieving emotional well-being in adulthood.
Reference:
Raby, K. L., Roisman, G. I., Fraley, R. C., & Simpson, J. A. (2015). The enduring predictive significance of early maternal sensitivity: Social and academic competence through age 32 years. Child development, 86(3), 695-708.