Which events are associated with European Christians taking control of land ruled by Muslims
1. The Crusades: The series of military campaigns sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
2. The Reconquista: The long process of Christian kingdoms in Spain and Portugal retaking land from Muslim rule, culminating in the fall of Granada in 1492.
3. The Fall of Constantinople: The capture of the Byzantine capital by the Ottoman Empire in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire and the spread of Ottoman rule in the Balkans.
4. The Siege of Vienna: The unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1683, which marked the beginning of the decline of Ottoman power in Europe.
5. The Portuguese and Spanish colonization of North Africa and the Middle East: The expansion of European powers into Muslim-majority regions in the 15th and 16th centuries, leading to the establishment of colonial empires in the region.