define the following:
production in plants
pollination
pollen grain formation
fertilization
germination
structure of bean seed
ovule formation
- Production in plants: This refers to the process of plants producing their own food through photosynthesis, where they convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
- Pollination: Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ (anther) of a flower to the female reproductive organ (stigma) of the same or a different flower, leading to fertilization and seed production.
- Pollen grain formation: Pollen grains are male gametophytes produced in the anthers of flowering plants. The process of pollen grain formation involves the division of cells in the anther, which then develop into mature pollen grains.
- Fertilization: Fertilization in plants involves the fusion of the male gamete (pollen) with the female gamete (ova) to form a zygote, which ultimately develops into a seed. Fertilization occurs after successful pollination.
- Germination: Germination is the process by which a seed sprouts and begins to grow into a new plant. This process typically involves the seed absorbing water, swelling, and breaking through the seed coat to grow roots and then shoot.
- Structure of bean seed: A bean seed is typically made up of an outer seed coat (testa), a stored food supply (endosperm or cotyledons), and a small embryo plant with a root (radicle) and shoot (plumule). The seed coat protects the embryo and stored food, which provide nutrients for the germinating seedling.
- Ovule formation: Ovules are present within the ovary of a flower and consist of a megasporangium surrounded by one or more protective integuments. The formation of ovules involves the development of cells within the ovary that eventually differentiate into the megasporocyte, which undergoes meiosis to produce megaspores that develop into female gametophytes.