Ice and salt crystals can cause weathering of surfaces through a process known as frost action. When water seeps into cracks and pores in a surface and then freezes, it expands, putting pressure on the surrounding material. This repeated freezing and thawing cycle can eventually lead to the breakdown of the surface material. Salt crystals can also exacerbate this process by drawing moisture from the surrounding environment, increasing the likelihood of freezing and expanding within the surface. Additionally, salt can chemically react with the surface material, further weakening it and making it more susceptible to weathering. Over time, these combined factors can contribute to the deterioration and erosion of the surface.
