Which of the following was an effect that the crusades had on Muslim kingdoms
-The Crusades led to the weakening and destabilization of Muslim kingdoms, as they faced repeated invasions and attacks from Christian forces.
-Muslim rulers had to divert resources and troops to defend against the Crusaders, which weakened their ability to govern and expand their territories.
-The Crusades also fostered a sense of unity among Muslim rulers and populations, as they needed to come together to defend against the common enemy.
-Some Muslim rulers engaged in alliances with other Muslim states or outside powers to counter the threat posed by the Crusaders.
-The Crusades had a lasting impact on Muslim-Christian relations, leading to conflict, mistrust, and violence that continue to shape relations between the two communities to this day.