Document 1 "We ardently wish to free Italy from foreign rule. We agree that we must put aside all petty differences in order to gain this most important goal. We wish to drive out the foreigners not only because we want to see our country powerful and glorious, but also because we want to elevate the Italian people in intelligence and moral development." — Count Camillo di Cavour, 1852 Source: Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861) Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, 1852.
Document 2 The document below is an excerpt from the constitution from the organization called Unification or Death and also known as the Black Hand, which was a Serbian nationalist group that existed in the early 20th century. Article 1. For the purpose of realising the national ideals - the Unification of Serbdom - an organization is hereby created, whose members may be any Serbian irrespective of sex, religion, place of birth, as well as anybody else who will sincerely serve this idea. Article 2. The organisation gives priority to the revolutionary struggle rather than relies on cultural striving, therefore its institution is an absolutely secret one for wider circles. Article 4. In order to carry into effect its task the organization will do the following things: (1) Following the character of its raison d'être [reason for existing] it will exercise its influence over all the official factors in Serbia... (2) It will carry out a revolutionary organisation in all the territories where Serbians are living: (3) Beyond the frontiers, it will fight with all means against all enemies of this idea: (4) It will maintain friendly relations with all the States, nations, organisations, and individual persons who sympathise with Serbia and the Serbian race: (5) It will give every assistance to those nations and organisations who are fighting for their own national liberation and unification. Article 34. The Organisation's official seal is thus composed: In the centre of the seal there is a powerful arm holding in its hand an unfurled flag on which - as a coat of arms - there is a skull with crossed bones; by the side of the flag, a knife, a bomb and a phial [vial] of poison. Around, in a circle, there is the following inscription, reading from left to right: "Unification or Death", and in the base: "The Supreme Central Directorate". Article 35. On entering into the organisation the joining member must pronounce the following oath of allegiance: "I (the Christian name and surname of the joining member), by entering into the organisation "Unification or Death", do hereby swear by the Sun which shineth upon me, by the Earth which feedeth me, by God, by the blood of my forefathers, by my honour and by my life, that from this moment onward and until my death, I shall faithfully serve the task of this organisation and that I shall at all times be prepared to bear for it any sacrifice. I further swear by God, by my honour and by my life, that I shall unconditionally carry into effect all its orders and commands. I further swear by my God, by my honour and by my life, that I shall keep within myself all the secrets of this organisation and carry them with me into my grave. May God and my comrades in this organisation be my judges if at any time I should wittingly fail or break this oath!" Done at Belgrade this 9th day of May, 1911 A.D. Source: Constitution of Unification or Death, 1911.
Document 3 Jomo Kenyatta, a leader of the independence movement in Kenya, the country’s Prime Minister in 1963, and its first President in 1964, gave the following speech at a Kenya African Union Meeting in Nyeri, Kenya on July 26, 1952. The Kenya African Union was the political party led by Kenyatta, and it was in power in the country from 40 years after independence. ...If we unite now, each and every one of us, and each tribe to another, we will cause the implementation in this country of that which the European calls democracy. True democracy has no colour distinction. It does not choose between black and white. We are here in this tremendous gathering under the K.A.U. [Kenya African Union] flag to find which road leads us from darkness into democracy. In order to find it we Africans must first achieve the right to elect our own representatives. That is surely the first principle of democracy. We are the only race in Kenya which does not elect its own representatives in the Legislature and we are going to set about to rectify this situation. We feel we are dominated by a handful of others who refuse to be just. God said this is our land. Land in which we are to flourish as a people. We are not worried that other races are here with us in our country, but we insist that we are the leaders here, and what we want we insist we get. We want our cattle to get fat on our land so that our children grow up in prosperity; we do not want that fat removed to feed others. He who has ears should now hear that K.A.U. claims this land as its own gift from God and I wish those who are black, white or brown at this meeting to know this. K.A.U. speaks in daylight...We want to prosper as a nation, and as a nation we demand equality, that is equal pay for equal work. Whether it is a chief, headman or labourer he needs in these days increased salary. He needs a salary that compares with a salary of a European who does equal work. We will never get our freedom unless we succeed in this issue. We do not want equal pay for equal work tomorrow-we want it right now. Those who profess to be just must realize that this is the foundation of justice. It has never been known in history that a country prospers without equality. We despise bribery and corruption, those two words that the European repeatedly refers to. Bribery and corruption is prevalent in this country, but I am not surprised. As long as a people are held down, corruption is sure to rise and the only answer to this is a policy of equality. If we work together as one, we must succeed. Source: Jomo Kenyatta: The Kenya Africa Union Is Not the Mau Mau, 1952.
Document 4 The day he was released from jail, Nelson Mandela made the following speech in Cape Town, South Africa on February 11, 1990. The transcript of that speech appeared in the New York Times the next day. ...On this day of my release, I extend my sincere and warmest gratitude to the millions of my compatriots and those in every corner of the globe who have campaigned tirelessly for my release. I extend special greetings to the people of Cape Town, the city which has been my home for three decades. Your mass marches and other forms of struggle have served as a constant source of strength to all political prisoners. I salute the African National Congress. It has fulfilled our every expectation in its role as leader of the great march to freedom....I salute the rank-and-file members of the A.N.C. You have sacrificed life and limb in the pursuit of the noble cause of our struggle. Leader's Salutations I salute combatants of Umkonto We Sizwe [Spear of the Nation], like Solomon Malhangu and Ashley Kriel, who have paid the ultimate price for the freedom of all South Africans.... I also salute the Black Sash and the National Union of South African Students. We note with pride that you have acted as the conscience of white South Africans... Need for Armed Struggle ...Today the majority of South Africans, black and white, recognize that apartheid has no future. It has to be ended by our own decisive mass actions in order to build peace and security. The mass campaigns of defiance and other actions of our organizations and people can only culminate in the establishment of democracy. The apartheid destruction on our subcontinent is incalculable. The fabric of family life of millions of my people has been shattered. Millions are homeless and unemployed.... Universal suffrage on a common voters roll in a united democratic and nonracial South Africa is the only way to peace and racial harmony. In conclusion, I wish to go to my own words during my trial in 1964. They are as true today as they were then. I wrote: I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the idea of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. [The following portion was delivered in Xhosa. The translation was provided by Mbulelo Mzamane, a professor of Comparative Literature at the University of Georgia.] My friends, I have no words of eloquence to offer today except to say that the remaining days of my life are in your hands. [He continued in English.] I hope you will disperse with discipline. And not a single one of you should do anything which will make other people to say that we can't control our own people. Source: Nelson Mandela, SOUTH AFRICA'S NEW ERA; Transcript of Mandela's Speech at Cape Town City Hall: 'Africa It Is Ours!, New York Times published February 12, 1990.
which enduring issue is it (only using ones below)
Enduring Issue Definition/Effect
Impact of Colonization Definition: Colonization is the process of
establishing control over the indigenous
people of an area.
Effects: conflicting worldviews, maintaining
cultural identity, maintaining ethnic
identity, loss of cultural identity, loss of
ethnic identity, loss of traditions, challenges
to religious practices, loss of political