Overview the main ideas from the following theories on deviance: Merton, Durkheim, social disorganization theory, cultural deviance theory.
1. Merton's strain theory: Merton's theory suggests that deviance occurs when individuals are unable to achieve societal goals through legitimate means. This results in a strain or pressure that may lead individuals to engage in deviant behavior in order to achieve those goals.
2. Durkheim's functionalist theory: Durkheim believed that deviance is a normal and necessary part of society, as it helps to reinforce social norms and values. Deviance can serve as a mechanism for social change and promote solidarity among members of a society.
3. Social disorganization theory: Social disorganization theory posits that deviant behavior is more likely to occur in neighborhoods with weak social ties and high levels of poverty and inequality. This theory suggests that the breakdown of social institutions and community cohesion can contribute to higher levels of deviance.
4. Cultural deviance theory: Cultural deviance theory focuses on how cultural values and beliefs can influence deviant behavior. This theory suggests that individuals may be more likely to engage in deviant behavior if they are socialized into a culture that promotes or normalizes such behavior. Cultural deviance theory emphasizes the importance of understanding how cultural norms and values shape individuals' behavior.