Consider the following scenario

You are a scientist, observing rodents on a Galapagos island you noticed the introduction of a new bird of prey has limited the number of rodents,
which term best describes the factor that is limiting the number of rodents the environment can support

The term that best describes the factor limiting the number of rodents the environment can support in this scenario is "limiting factor." In this case, the introduction of the new bird of prey is a factor that is limiting the population size of rodents on the island.