1. In 2013 the Los Angeles Dodgers opening day payroll was about $2.16 × 10^8 and the Houston Astros opening day

payroll was about $2.4 × 10^7.
How much higher was the Dodgers’ payroll?

To find out how much higher the Dodgers' payroll was compared to the Astros, we simply need to subtract the Astros' payroll from the Dodgers' payroll:

$2.16 × 10^8 - $2.4 × 10^7 = $2.16 × 10^8 - $0.24 × 10^8 = $1.92 × 10^8

Therefore, the Dodgers' opening day payroll was $192,000,000 higher than the Astros' opening day payroll.