Which of the following was an immediate cause of the Mexican Revolution of 1910?

The immediate cause of the Mexican Revolution of 1910 was the disputed presidential election between Porfirio Díaz, who had been in power for over three decades, and Francisco Madero. Madero's call for fair elections and democratic reforms galvanized various factions and social groups who were discontent with Díaz's authoritarian regime and unequal social and economic conditions in Mexico. This led to a widespread uprising against Díaz's government and the subsequent revolution.