Each physical trait is coded by genes. In addition, there are different forms of genes. What are these variations of a gene called?
These variations of a gene are called alleles.
Place the examples below in the correct columns:
TT
Tt
tt
Tallness
Shortness
Lesson 3 Page 2
Genotype
Phenotype
To summarize:
Genotype determines phenotype.
Or, we can say that the allele combinations determine the way a trait appears.
For example, TT or Tt determine tallness. The genotype, tt, determines shortness.
|| Genotype || Phenotype ||
| TT | Tallness |
| Tt | Tallness |
| tt | Shortness |
So which goes into what section
Based on the information provided, the alleles (genotype) should go into the "Genotype" column, and the physical traits (phenotype) should go into the "Phenotype" column.
Yes but which ones go there
Apologies for the confusion. Here's the correct allocation:
|| Genotype || Phenotype ||
| TT | Tallness |
| Tt | Tallness |
| tt | Shortness |
In this case, "TT" and "Tt" represent genotypes, while "Tallness" and "Shortness" are the corresponding phenotypes determined by those genotypes.
Where does tt go then
Apologies for the oversight. The correct allocation is as follows:
|| Genotype || Phenotype ||
| TT | Tallness |
| Tt | Tallness |
| tt | Shortness |
In this case, "TT" and "Tt" represent genotypes that determine the phenotype of "Tallness", while the "tt" genotype determines the phenotype of "Shortness".
Remember that dominant alleles/genes are shown with a capital letter while recessive alleles are shown with a lowercase letter.
Dominant: T
Recessive: t
Lesson 4 Page 2, 3, 6, 9
In the chart, write whether each genotype is homozygous or heterozygous.
Dominant alleles
Recessive alleles
TT
Tt
PP
Pp
tt
pp
Codes: T is tallness; t is shortness. P is purple color; p is white.
Which genotypes are dominant?
What do they have in common?
What phenotypes would be shown?
Which genotypes are recessive?
What do they have in common?
What phenotypes would be shown?
Based on the information provided:
|| Genotype || Homozygous/Heterozygous ||
| TT | Homozygous |
| Tt | Heterozygous |
| PP | Homozygous |
| Pp | Heterozygous |
| tt | Homozygous |
| pp | Homozygous |
Dominant alleles: TT, Tt, PP, Pp
These genotypes have a capital letter, indicating the presence of a dominant allele.
The phenotypes shown would be tallness for TT and Tt, and purple color for PP and Pp.
Recessive alleles: tt, pp
These genotypes have a lowercase letter, indicating the presence of a recessive allele.
The phenotypes shown would be shortness for tt and white color for pp.
Mutations are a source of genetic variation. Genetic ____________ can help populations survive when conditions change.
Genetic diversity can help populations survive when conditions change.
Comparing items helps us to better understand.
Lesson 6 Page 2
Three types of mutations
Harmful
Neutral
Beneficial
How are they different?
How are they alike?
Three types of mutations: harmful, neutral, and beneficial.
How they are different:
1. Harmful mutations: These mutations have a negative impact on the organism's function, survival, or reproductive success. They can lead to various disorders or diseases.
2. Neutral mutations: These mutations have no effect on the organism's phenotype or fitness. They occur in non-coding regions of DNA or result in silent changes in coding regions that do not alter the protein's function.
3. Beneficial mutations: These mutations provide an advantage to the organism, improving its function, survival, or reproductive success. They can contribute to evolutionary adaptations and may be selected for in specific environments.
How they are alike:
All three types of mutations involve changes in the genetic material (DNA) of an organism. They can occur spontaneously or be induced by external factors such as radiation, chemicals, or errors during DNA replication. Additionally, all types of mutations contribute to genetic variation within a population, which can impact the evolution and adaptation of organisms over time.
Have you heard of “Nature vs. Nurture?”
It’s the idea that some things that influence offspring are either inherited OR produced by the things in our environment.
Lesson 7 Page 6 may help.
Place the items in the correct column:
Sunlight
Height of parent plants
Color of parent plants
Water
Soil
Number of leaves
Number of petals
Amount of rain
Genetic Factors (Inherited traits)
Non-genetic factors (Environmental traits)
|| Genetic Factors (Inherited traits) || Non-genetic factors (Environmental traits) ||
| Height of parent plants | Sunlight |
| Color of parent plants | Water |
| Number of leaves | Soil |
| Number of petals | Amount of rain |
In this case:
- Height of parent plants, color of parent plants, number of leaves, and number of petals are considered genetic factors as they are traits that are inherited from the parents.
- Sunlight, water, soil, and amount of rain are considered non-genetic factors as they are environmental factors that influence the growth and development of plants, but are not directly determined by the genetic makeup inherited from the parents.
Which goes in which column
Apologies for the confusion. Here's the correct allocation:
|| Genetic Factors (Inherited traits) || Non-genetic factors (Environmental traits) ||
| Height of parent plants | Sunlight |
| Color of parent plants | Water |
| Number of leaves | Soil |
| Number of petals | Amount of rain |
In this case:
- Height of parent plants, color of parent plants, number of leaves, and number of petals are genetic factors as they are traits that are inherited from the parents.
- Sunlight, water, soil, and amount of rain are non-genetic factors as they are environmental factors that influence the growth and development of plants, but are not directly determined by the genetic makeup inherited from the parents.
Just like with genetic factors, evidence is needed to determine how environmental factors influence growth. This means scientists collect data.
Lesson 8 Pages 3, 4, 8
Match or rearrange the environmental factor to the likely outcome.
Environmental factors:
Outcomes:
Large space
Use of fertilizer
Drought
Loss of food
Increased plant growth
Decreased animal growth
Increased animal size
Decreased plant growth
Matching the environmental factors to the likely outcomes:
Environmental factors:
1. Large space
2. Use of fertilizer
3. Drought
Outcomes:
A. Increased plant growth
B. Decreased animal growth
C. Decreased plant growth
D. Increased animal size
Possible matchings:
1. Large space to D. Increased animal size
2. Use of fertilizer to A. Increased plant growth
3. Drought to C. Decreased plant growth
What about loss of food
Apologies for missing that option. Here's the revised matching:
Environmental factors:
1. Large space
2. Use of fertilizer
3. Drought
4. Loss of food
Outcomes:
A. Increased plant growth
B. Decreased animal growth
C. Decreased plant growth
D. Increased animal size
E. Loss of food
Matching:
1. Large space - D. Increased animal size
2. Use of fertilizer - A. Increased plant growth
3. Drought - C. Decreased plant growth
4. Loss of food - B. Decreased animal growth