Discuss any ten medical surgical emergency drugs and should include
1.group of the drug
2.2 indications
3. Side effects 3 apart from nausea and vomiting
4. Three nursing implications
5. Mechanism for each ten drugs
1. Epinephrine (Group: Adrenergic agonist)
- Indications: Cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis
- Side effects: Increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, headache
- Nursing implications: Monitor vital signs closely, assess for allergies, have resuscitation equipment readily available
- Mechanism: Stimulates alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, leading to vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, and increased heart rate
2. Aspirin (Group: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug)
- Indications: Acute myocardial infarction, angina
- Side effects: Gastric bleeding, tinnitus, increased bleeding risk
- Nursing implications: Assess for allergies, monitor for signs of bleeding, administer with food or antacids to reduce gastric irritation
- Mechanism: Inhibits cyclooxygenase, reducing synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes, leading to anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet effects
3. Nitroglycerin (Group: Nitrate)
- Indications: Ischemic chest pain, acute heart failure
- Side effects: Hypotension, headache, flushing
- Nursing implications: Assess blood pressure before and after administration, protect nitroglycerin from light, monitor for signs of tolerance
- Mechanism: Relaxes smooth muscles, particularly in coronary arteries, leading to vasodilation and increased oxygen supply to the heart
4. Naloxone (Group: Opioid antagonist)
- Indications: Opioid overdose, respiratory depression
- Side effects: Increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, withdrawal symptoms
- Nursing implications: Monitor for withdrawal symptoms, administer with caution to patients with cardiovascular disease, provide respiratory support if needed
- Mechanism: Competitively blocks opioid receptors, reversing the effects of opioid drugs and improving respiratory function
5. Dexamethasone (Group: Corticosteroid)
- Indications: Cerebral edema, severe allergic reactions
- Side effects: Increased risk of infection, gastrointestinal bleeding, fluid retention
- Nursing implications: Monitor for signs of infection, administer with food to reduce GI side effects, gradually taper the dose when discontinuing to prevent adrenal insufficiency
- Mechanism: Suppresses the immune response and inflammation by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators and suppressing immune cells
6. Atropine (Group: Anticholinergic)
- Indications: Symptomatic bradycardia, organophosphate poisoning
- Side effects: Dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention
- Nursing implications: Assess for contraindications (e.g., glaucoma), monitor heart rate closely, provide supportive care for urinary retention
- Mechanism: Blocks the action of acetylcholine, thereby increasing heart rate and reversing the effects of cholinergic poisoning
7. Albuterol (Group: Beta2-Adrenergic agonist)
- Indications: Asthma, acute bronchospasm
- Side effects: Tachycardia, tremors, hypokalemia
- Nursing implications: Monitor heart rate and potassium levels, assess lung sounds before and after administration, instruct the patient on proper inhaler technique
- Mechanism: Stimulates beta2-adrenergic receptors in the bronchioles, leading to bronchodilation and the relief of bronchospasm
8. Amiodarone (Group: Antiarrhythmic)
- Indications: Ventricular fibrillation, atrial fibrillation/flutter
- Side effects: Pulmonary toxicity, hepatotoxicity, hypothyroidism
- Nursing implications: Monitor pulmonary function, liver function, and thyroid function regularly, administer with caution in patients with lung or liver disease
- Mechanism: Delays repolarization, prolongs the action potential duration, and exerts anti-adrenergic effects, thus preventing abnormal electrical activity in the heart
9. Heparin (Group: Anticoagulant)
- Indications: Deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism
- Side effects: Bleeding, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, hypersensitivity reactions
- Nursing implications: Monitor for signs of bleeding, assess platelet count regularly, administer subcutaneously at a 45-degree angle
- Mechanism: Enhances the activity of antithrombin III, leading to the inhibition of thrombin and other clotting factors, thereby preventing the formation and extension of blood clots
10. Metoprolol (Group: Beta-Blocker)
- Indications: Hypertension, acute myocardial infarction
- Side effects: Bradycardia, hypotension, fatigue
- Nursing implications: Monitor heart rate and blood pressure, assess for signs of worsening heart failure, taper the dose when discontinuing to prevent rebound hypertension
- Mechanism: Blocks beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to decreased heart rate, decreased myocardial contractility, and vasodilation