Which of the following does not contribute to the development of a universal theme?

Conflict
Setting
Characterization
Punctuation

Punctuation does not contribute to the development of a universal theme. Punctuation is a technical aspect of writing that aids in conveying meaning and clarity, but it does not directly contribute to the development of a theme. Themes typically emerge through elements such as conflict, setting, and characterization, where the story's ideas and messages are explored and conveyed.