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CHAPTER 6
ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
Individual Privacy
★ Individual privacy is the notion that individuals have a right to exist freely on the internet, in that they can choose what types of information they are exposed to, and more importantly that unwanted information should not interrupt them.
★ An example of a digital breach of individual privacy would be an internet user receiving unwanted ads and emails/spam, or a computer virus that forces the user to take actions they otherwise wouldn't.
★ In such cases the individual, during that moment, doesn't exist digitally without interruption from unwanted information; thus, their individual privacy has been infringed upon.
Some digital privacy principles
★ Data Minimization: collect the minimal amount of information necessary from individuals and businesses consistent with the Department’s mission and legal requirements.
★ Transparency: Notice covering the purpose of the collection and use of identifiable information will be provided in a clear manner. Information collected will not be used for any other purpose unless authorized or mandated by law.
★Accuracy: Information collected will be maintained in a sufficiently accurate, timely, and complete manner to ensure that the interests of the individuals and businesses are protected.
★ Security: Adequate physical and IT security measures will be implemented to ensure that the collection, use, and maintenance of identifiable information are properly safeguarded and the information is promptly destroyed in accordance with approved records control schedules.
Accountability and trust
★ Emerging technologies can provide improved accuracy, better quality and cost efficiencies for businesses in every sector.
★ They can enhance trust in the organization’s operations and financial processes, which is crucial for sustainable success. But this can produce a paradox: the very solutions that can be used to better manage risk, increase transparency and build confidence are often themselves the source of new risks, which may go unnoticed.
★ The obligation of an individual or organization to account for its activities, accept responsibility for them, and to disclose the results in a transparent manner. It also includes the responsibility for money or other entrusted property.
Treats and challenges
Ethical and regulatory challenges
★ As security professionals, we need to keep pace with ever-changing technology and be aware of the AI, IoT, Big Data, Machine Learning, etc.
★ Growing needs Cyber & Data Security is getting prominence that requires security practitioners to focus on the business need for securing data, understanding security and risk from a business perspective by extensively interacting with the business community in understanding their requirements or what they want.
★ Emerging technologies are already impacting how we live and work.
★ They're also changing how we approach, plan, and integrate security operations.
★ For security, both physical and cyber, the equation is the same catalyzing many new potential applications for emerging technologies.
Emerging technologies are making an impact include:
1. Counter-terrorism and law enforcement informatics via predictive analytics and artificial intelligence.
2. Real-time horizon scanning and data mining for threats and information sharing
3. Automated cyber security and information assurance
4. Enhanced Surveillance (chemical and bio-detection sensors, cameras, drones, facial recognition, license plate readers).
5. Simulation and augmented reality technologies for training and modeling
6. Safety and security equipment (including bullet and bomb proof) made with lighter and stronger materials.
7. Advanced forensics enabled by enhanced computing capabilities (including future quantum computing).
8. Situational awareness capabilities via GPS for disaster response and crisis response scenarios.
9. Biometrics: assured identity security screening solutions by bio-signature: (every aspect of your physiology can be used as a bio-signature. Measure unique heart/pulse rates, electrocardiogram sensor, blood oximetry, skin temperature)
10. Robotic Policing (already happening in Dubai!).
Challenges in using Artificial Intelligence
✓ AI is only as good as the data it is exposed to, which is where certain challenges may present themselves.
✓ Alternatively, AI also has the potential to take the burden of laborious and timeconsuming tasks from these people, freeing up their time and brainpower for other things e.g. doctors using diagnostic AI to help them diagnose patients will analyze the data presented by the AI and make the ultimate decision.
✓ Managing the challenges posed by AI will require careful planning to ensure that the full benefits are realized and risks are mitigated.
Challenges in using Robotics in manufacturing
★ With automation and robotics moving from production lines out into other areas of work and business, the potential for humans losing jobs is great here too.
★ As automation technologies become more advanced, there will be a greater capability for automation to take over more and more complex jobs.
★As robots learn to teach each other and themselves, there is the potential for much greater productivity but this also raises ethical and cyber security concerns.
Challenges in using the Internet of Things
★ As more and more connected devices (such as smart watches and fitness trackers) join the Internet of Things (IoT) the amount of data being generated is increasing.
★ Companies will have to plan carefully how this will affect the customer-facing application and how to best utilize the masses of data being produced.
★ There are also severe security implications of mass connectivity that need to be addressed.
Challenges in Big Data
★ Almost all the technologies mentioned above have some relation to Big Data.
★ The huge amount of data being generated on a daily basis has the potential to provide businesses with better insight into their customers as well as their own business operations.
★ Although data can be incredibly useful for spotting trends and analyzing impacts, surfacing all this data to humans in a way that they can understand can be challenging. AI will play a role here.
Treats
★ New and emerging technologies pose significant opportunities for businesses if they utilize them well and understand their true value early on.
★ They also pose risks and questions not only to business but to society as a whole.
★ Planning for how to deal with these emerging technologies and where value can be derived while assessing potential risks before they become a fully-fledged reality is essential for businesses that want to thrive in the world of AI, Big Data and IoT.
Some risks of emerging technology are:
★ Driverless car:
✓ while a compelling option for future fleer cars, companies could crash and burn from claims related to bodily injury and property damage.
★ Wearables:
✓ Google glass, Fitbit and other wearables can expose companies to the invasion of privacy claims that may not be covered by general liability or personal injury claims that weren’t foreseen.
★ Drones:
✓ Turbulence is in the offing for manufacturers and organizations that fail to protect themselves for property damage and bodily injury, as well as errors and omissions.
★ Internet of things:
✓ The proliferation of sensors and cross-platform integration creates potential exposure from privacy invasion, bodily injury and property damage that may connect an organization to huge liabilities.
Chapter 6 discusses the ethics and professionalism of emerging technologies, specifically focusing on individual privacy, accountability and trust, threats and challenges, and the risks of emerging technology.
The chapter begins by discussing the importance of individual privacy in the digital age. It states that individuals have the right to exist freely on the internet and choose what information they are exposed to. Breaches of individual privacy include receiving unwanted ads and emails, computer viruses forcing unwanted actions, and interruptions from unwanted information.
The text then introduces some principles of digital privacy, including data minimization, transparency, accuracy, and security. These principles aim to collect and use minimal information necessary, provide clear notice to individuals, maintain accurate and complete information, and implement security measures to safeguard data.
Next, the chapter emphasizes the importance of accountability and trust in emerging technologies. While these technologies offer many benefits, they also introduce new risks. Organizations have the responsibility to account for their activities, accept responsibility, and disclose results transparently. Trust in operations and financial processes is crucial for sustainable success.
The chapter then discusses the threats and challenges posed by emerging technologies. Security professionals need to keep pace with ever-changing technology and understand the business need for securing data. Emerging technologies are already impacting how we live and work, changing how we approach security operations. Examples of technologies making an impact include counter-terrorism informatics, real-time horizon scanning, automated cybersecurity, enhanced surveillance, simulation and augmented reality, and biometrics.
The challenges in using artificial intelligence, robotics in manufacturing, the Internet of Things, and big data are also addressed. AI relies on quality data, and careful planning is required to manage the challenges and mitigate risks. As automation technologies advance, there is the potential for job losses. The IoT generates a massive amount of data, which requires careful planning and security considerations. Big data has the potential to provide valuable insights but presenting it in a way that is understandable to humans can be challenging.
The text concludes by stating that emerging technologies offer opportunities for businesses if utilized well and understood early on. However, they also pose risks and questions to business and society as a whole. Planning for these technologies and assessing potential risks is essential for thriving in the world of AI, big data, and IoT.
The chapter also briefly mentions some risks of specific emerging technologies, including driverless cars, wearables, drones, and the Internet of Things. These technologies can expose companies to liability claims related to bodily injury, property damage, invasion of privacy, and errors and omissions.