The ruler in the Mandate of Heaven concept in ancient China was believed to be appointed by Heaven, or the gods, and was seen as a legitimate and just ruler who had the divine right to govern the people. The concept originated during the Zhou dynasty (1046-256 BCE) and was later adopted by subsequent dynasties. The ruler was expected to govern with virtue, uphold the well-being of the people, and maintain harmony and stability. If a ruler failed to do so, it was believed that they had lost the mandate, and could be overthrown by a more virtuous and worthy ruler.
