Which of the following would the introduction of hardy, generalist non-native species most likely cause?

loss of native species by competition - especially, sensitive specialist species
increase in the amount of local minerals and non-renewable resources
decrease in the amount of decomposers on Earth
increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

The introduction of hardy, generalist non-native species would most likely cause a loss of native species by competition. Hardy, generalist species tend to be highly adaptable and can outcompete native species for resources, leading to their decline or even extinction. This is particularly true for sensitive specialist species that are highly adapted to specific environmental conditions and may not be able to compete with the non-native species.