Explain how the surrounding geographic features affect the climate of Cantábria.
Cantábria, located in northern Spain, is influenced by several surrounding geographic features that significantly affect its climate.
1. Cantabrian Mountains: The Cantabrian Mountains, which run parallel to the northern coast of Cantábria, have a significant impact on the region's climate. The mountains act as a barrier, blocking the colder air masses coming from the north and creating a microclimate in Cantábria. This barrier helps protect the region from extreme cold and acts as a shield against strong winds and storms.
2. Bay of Biscay: Cantábria is situated along the Bay of Biscay, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean. The bay acts as a moderating influence on the region's climate, keeping temperatures relatively mild throughout the year. The maritime influence serves to temper both the summer heat and the winter cold, resulting in a relatively moderate climate.
3. Atlantic Ocean Currents: The Atlantic Ocean currents, particularly the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift, also play a role in shaping Cantábria's climate. These warm ocean currents bring mild temperatures to the region, especially during winter. The warm air interacting with the cooler land masses creates a stable atmospheric circulation, reducing temperature extremes and promoting a more temperate climate.
4. Elevation: Cantábria's climate is diverse due to varying elevations within the region. Higher elevations in the Cantabrian Mountains experience colder temperatures and more precipitation, while coastal areas have milder temperatures and higher humidity. The variation in elevation contributes to different microclimates within Cantábria.
5. Prevailing Winds: The prevailing winds from the west and southwest, commonly known as the "Cantabrian Wind," also impact the climate of Cantábria. These winds bring moisture and precipitation to the region, especially to the coastal areas facing the Bay of Biscay. They can also cause fog and increase humidity along the coast.
Overall, the surrounding geographic features of Cantábria, including the Cantabrian Mountains, Bay of Biscay, Atlantic Ocean currents, elevation, and prevailing winds, combine to create a maritime and moderate climate with mild temperatures, moderate rainfall, and relatively stable weather conditions.