materials that have thicknesses on the nanometer scale but have a length and width that can extend to macroscopic dimensions. These materials are composed of a single layer of atoms or molecules arranged in a two-dimensional lattice structure. Some examples of two-dimensional materials include graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), which are composed of a layer of transition metal atoms (such as molybdenum or tungsten) sandwiched between two layers of chalcogen atoms (such as sulfur or selenium). Two-dimensional materials have unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties that make them attractive for a wide range of applications in fields such as electronics, sensors, energy storage, and catalysis.
