FHow jas the caste system changed in Kndia and Pakistan?
The caste system in India and Pakistan has undergone significant changes over the years. Here are some key developments:
1. Abolition of Untouchability: Both India and Pakistan have officially abolished untouchability, which was a major aspect of the caste system. Under the Indian Constitution, the practice of untouchability was declared illegal in 1950, and similar measures were taken in Pakistan. However, despite legal provisions, the social practice of untouchability still lingers in certain regions.
2. Reservation Policies: Affirmative action policies have been implemented in both countries. In India, the reservation system was introduced in the 1950s to provide preferential treatment in education and public sector employment to individuals from historically disadvantaged castes. In Pakistan, various quotas and reserved seats are provided to marginalized communities including lower castes in educational institutions and government jobs.
3. Inter-caste Marriages: The frequency of inter-caste marriages has increased, particularly among younger generations. This has helped break down barriers and reduce the strict enforcement of caste hierarchies. However, such marriages are still not widely accepted in certain communities and regions.
4. Social and Educational Mobility: The overall social and educational mobility has increased, providing opportunities for individuals from lower castes to uplift their status. Education has played a significant role in empowering members of lower castes and enabling them to break free from traditional caste-based occupations.
5. Political Representation: Efforts have been made to increase political representation of lower castes in both India and Pakistan. Reserved seats and quotas in legislative bodies have been introduced to ensure better representation and participation of these marginalized sections in the political process.
Despite these changes, it is important to note that the caste system continues to have influence on social structures, particularly in rural areas. Discrimination and social biases based on caste still exist, though they may have reduced to some extent. Efforts towards social equality and upliftment of marginalized communities continue to be ongoing challenges in both countries.