Surface runoff refers to the rainfall or melted snow that flows over the ground surface rather than infiltrating into the soil. It occurs when the rate of precipitation exceeds the soil's infiltration capacity or when the ground is saturated. Surface runoff can occur on various surfaces, such as roads, roofs, and paved areas, and it eventually finds its way into rivers, streams, and other bodies of water. This process is an essential part of the hydrological cycle and plays a significant role in the movement of water and the transport of pollutants, sediment, and nutrients through the environment.
