Substances on Earth’s surface absorb light energy from the sun. This energy causes particles to move, which leads to increases in their thermal energy, then increases in their temperature. Warmed substances on Earth’s surface transfer thermal energy to air molecules that collide with the surface by conduction. These rising warm air molecules then create a convection current in the air. This explains... How conduction leads to convections at Earth's surface
How convection leads to conduction at Earth's surface
Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object through direct contact. In the case of Earth's surface, substances that are heated by absorbing sunlight transfer their thermal energy to the surrounding air molecules through conduction.
As the air molecules near the Earth's surface gain thermal energy from conduction, they become warmer and less dense. Warmer air is lighter and tends to rise, creating a convection current. This rising warm air carries thermal energy with it, transferring it from the surface to higher altitudes in the atmosphere.
Convection, in turn, can also lead to conduction at Earth's surface. As the rising warm air moves away from the surface, cooler air from higher altitudes moves in to replace it. This cooler air comes into direct contact with the Earth's surface, absorbing thermal energy through conduction.
Therefore, conduction and convection are interconnected processes at Earth's surface, with conduction transferring thermal energy from substances on the surface to the air molecules, which then create convection currents by rising and carrying the thermal energy to higher altitudes.