make a list of the measures that Charles I used to avoid calling parliament
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To understand the measures that Charles I used to avoid calling parliament, we can look into the history of his reign and analyze various actions he took. Here are some of the significant measures employed by Charles I:
1. Personal Rule: From 1629 to 1640, Charles I ruled without summoning parliament, a period commonly known as his "Personal Rule" or the "Eleven Years Tyranny." During this time, he relied on his own authority to govern the country.
2. Forced Loan: Charles I attempted to raise funds without parliamentary approval by imposing "forced loans" on wealthy individuals. These loans were essentially forms of taxation on targeted citizens who were expected to contribute to the crown's finances.
3. Ship Money: Charles I expanded the traditional practice of collecting "ship money" to finance the navy during wartime. Initially, this tax was only imposed on coastal towns, but Charles extended it to the entire country, even during peacetime. This move was highly controversial and seen as an abuse of power.
4. Court of Star Chamber: Charles I utilized the Court of Star Chamber, an English court known for its arbitrary and secretive nature, to suppress opposition and dissent. This court allowed the king to impose heavy fines, imprisonment, and corporal punishment without the need for a trial by jury.
5. Impositions: Charles I also resorted to imposing various import duties and tariffs to increase revenue for the crown. These impositions were seen as a way to bypass parliamentary control over taxation, which had traditionally been a unique prerogative of the House of Commons.
6. The Thorough Policy: Led by Thomas Wentworth, Charles I implemented the "Thorough policy" which aimed to centralize power and strengthen royal control over the country. This policy involved taking legal action against those who opposed the king's authority or refused to comply with his commands.
These measures implemented by Charles I were met with significant resistance from those who believed in parliamentary rights and constitutional government. They ultimately contributed to his unpopularity and the erosion of the monarchy's authority, leading to the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642.