Which factor contributed to Songhai's downfall as a powerful empire?
One of the main factors that contributed to the downfall of the Songhai Empire was the Moroccan invasion in 1591. Under the leadership of Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, the Moroccan army invaded Songhai and defeated their forces in the Battle of Tondibi. This marked the beginning of the end for the empire as it significantly weakened their military power and caused political instability within their territories.
Another factor that contributed to Songhai's downfall was internal conflict and succession disputes. After the death of Askia Daoud, who was the last strong ruler of Songhai, there were several weak and ineffective leaders who struggled to maintain control over the vast empire. This led to internal power struggles and divisions within the ruling class, which made the empire more vulnerable to external threats.
Additionally, the economic decline of Songhai played a role in its downfall. The empire heavily relied on trans-Saharan trade, particularly in gold and salt. However, as European powers such as Portugal and the Ottoman Empire began to establish direct sea routes and trade networks, the importance of the trans-Saharan trade route diminished. This led to a decline in Songhai's wealth and influence, making it more difficult for them to maintain their power.
Overall, the Moroccan invasion, internal conflict, and economic decline all contributed to Songhai's downfall as a powerful empire.