Bullying is unwanted, aggressive behavior among teens that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated or has the potential to be repeated over time. Both teens who are bullied and teens who bully others may have serious, lasting problems.2 In order to be considered bullying, the behavior must be aggressive and include an imbalance of power and repetition. Teens who bully use their power to control or harm others. Power imbalances can change over time and in different situations. Bullying includes actions such as making threats, spreading rumors, attacking someone physically or verbally, and excluding someone from a group on purpose.3 There are three types of bullying. Verbal bullying is saying or writing mean things. Verbal bullying can include teasing, name-calling, and inappropriate comments. It also includes taunting or threatening to cause harm. Social bullying involves hurting someone’s reputation or relationships. Some examples of social bullying include leaving someone out on purpose, telling others not to be friends with someone, spreading rumors about someone, and embarrassing someone in public. Physical bullying involves hurting a person’s body or possessions. Victims who are physically bullied may be hit, kicked, or punched. They may also be tripped or pushed or have their things taken or broken. All three types of bullying are serious and can have lasting effects on the person being bullied.4 The roles teens play in bullying are not limited to those who do the bullying and those who are bullied. Some researchers talk about the “circle of bullying” to define both those directly involved in bullying and those who passively assist the behavior or defend it. Teens who bully and teens who are bullied are considered directly involved in the bullying behavior.5 Teens who bully engage in bullying behavior towards their peers. There are many risk factors that may contribute to the child’s involvement in the behavior. Often, these students require support to change their behaviors and address any other challenges that may be influencing their behaviors.6 Teens who are bullied are the targets of bullying behavior. Some factors put teens at more risk of being bullied, but not all teens with these characteristics are bullied. Sometimes, these teens need help learning how to respond to bullying.7 Even if a teen is not directly involved in bullying, that teen may be contributing to the behavior. Witnessing the behavior may also affect the teen, so it is important for teens to learn what they should do when they see bullying happen. The roles teens play when they witness bullying include:Teens Who Assist: These teens may not start the bullying or lead in the bullying behavior, but they serve as assistants to the teens who are bullying. These teens may encourage the bullying behavior and occasionally join in.Teens Who Reinforce: These teens are not directly involved in the bullying behavior but they give the bully an audience. They may laugh or provide support for the teens who are engaging in bullying. This may encourage the bullying to continue.Outsiders: These teens remain separate from the bullying situation. They neither reinforce the bullying behavior nor defend the teen being bullied. Some may watch what is going on but not provide feedback about the situation to show they are on anyone’s side. Even so, providing an audience may encourage the bullying behavior.Teens Who Defend: These teens actively comfort the teen being bullied and may come to the teen’s defense when bullying occurs.8 Most teens play more than one role in bullying over time. In some cases, they may be directly involved in bullying (as the one bullying others or the one being bullied), and in other cases they may witness bullying and play an assisting or defending role. Every situation is different. Some teens are bullied and bully others. It is important to note the multiple roles teens play, because those who both are bullied and bully others may be at more risk for negative outcomes such as depression. It also highlights the need to engage all teens in prevention efforts, not just those who are known to be directly involved
How does the author BEST support his claim that all teens should be involved in efforts to prevent bullying?
A.
by stating that teens who bully are at a higher risk for future problems
B.
by showing that bullying harms everyone equally
C.
by stating that everyone plays a role in bullying at some time
D.
by explaining that teens should avoid bullying situations
C. by stating that everyone plays a role in bullying at some time
Which two sentences BEST reflect the main ideas of this text?
A.
Most people understand that bullying can be harmful. Some people passively assist those who bully.
B.
Some people can bully and be bullied. Bullying among teens usually involves their peers.
C.
Bullying comes in different forms. Different people play different roles in bullying.
D.
Bullying can cause depression in people. Some teens remain outsiders who do not get involved with bullies.
C. Bullying comes in different forms. Different people play different roles in bullying.
How does the author BEST support his claim that all teens should be involved in efforts to prevent bullying?
A.
by showing that bullying harms everyone equally
B.
by stating that teens who bully are at a higher risk for future problems
C.
by stating that everyone plays a role in bullying at some time
D.
by showing that some teens play multiple roles in bullying
D. by showing that some teens play multiple roles in bullying
Anime:Animated Drawings1Do you like watching cartoons? If you answered yes, you are not alone. People have been enjoying cartoons in theaters and on television for more than 100 years. These moving pictures have captured the imaginations and hearts of children and adults all around the world. One such person, Japanese artist Osamu Tezuka, was so inspired by cartoons that he created his own highly stylized version called anime. The word anime comes from animēshon, which means "animated drawings." It refers to animated films and series produced in Japan. Anime is known for its bold and colorful graphics, dynamic characters, and compelling storylines. While American animation appeals to children, anime attracts audiences of all ages. Today, anime is more popular than ever.2Anime was first introduced in Japan in the 1920s, but modern anime evolved from manga after World War II. Manga refers to comic books and graphic novels produced in Japan. Manga and anime are not synonyms; they are separate types of visual media. However, both were greatly influenced by the American comic books and cartoons imported into Japan during World War II. Manga artist Osamu Tezuka is credited with pioneering modern anime. He drew characters with big, doe-like eyes due to his obsession with Walt Disney's movie Bambi. His manga panels were action-packed and gave the feeling of movement. In the 1960s, his manga was adapted into anime series, and the rest is history. His work contributed greatly to the look and feel of modern-day anime, earning him the title "Godfather of anime."3Even though American cartoons influenced Tezuka and other animators, anime differs from western animation. Cartoons are often humorous stories marketed toward children with simple drawing styles. Anime is much more diverse. The character design is detailed, with bright coloring. Anime characters typically have exaggerated movements and emotions compared to American characters. Anime has epic storylines that cover a variety of themes like romance, science fiction, and action. The biggest difference is that anime has a wide range of genres written for children, teens, and adults.4Anime's universal appeal has enabled it to continuously grow in popularity. In 2019, the anime industry earned about 24 billion dollars. That is double what it made eight years prior. Streaming services have helped it become more mainstream by giving people access to well-liked series, like Pokémon and My Hero Acadamia. Its varied, intriguing storytelling has captivated audiences worldwide.
How does paragraph 3 contribute to a central idea of Anime: Animated Drawings?
A.
It explains how the characters of anime have a large fan base around the world.
B.
It gives examples of how anime contains diverse and varied content and styles.
C.
It provides a list of anime genres and to which age groups they appeal.
D.
It describes how Tezuka affected the style of modern-day anime.
B. It gives examples of how anime contains diverse and varied content and styles.
Manga:Whimsical Pictures
1 You could probably name several superheroes featured in popular American comic books, but you may not know that many Japanese comic books are even more beloved worldwide. Comic books and graphic novels produced and published in Japan are called manga. This term is often confused with anime, which is Japanese animation. The word manga comes from two Japanese characters: man, meaning “whimsical,” and ga, meaning “pictures.” The phrase “whimsical pictures” is a perfect description for this diverse medium loved by so many.
2 Manga got its start in the twelfth century when Japanese monks drew animals behaving in humanlike ways onto scrolls. Books with pictures surrounded by dialogue appeared in the eighteenth century. During World War II, manga was used to promote Japanese government ideals. Then, American comics were introduced in Japan, which caused a turning point. Manga shifted away from being a wartime tool. In 1952, Osamu Tezuka, known as the “Father of Manga,” created one of the most successful manga series: Astro Boy. He drew characters from different angles, used close-ups and other new techniques, and included themes uncommon in comics, such as grief, hate, and hope. Osamu’s art and writing style influenced most modern manga that followed.
3 Although American comics inspired modern manga, there are differences. American comics are in color, but manga is typically black and white. Instead of being read from left to right, manga is read from right to left. And while American comics are aimed at teens, manga is well-liked by people of all ages. In fact, manga is so popular that it is even more profitable than American comics. It is estimated that manga creators made more than five billion dollars in 2020, while the American comic industry earned only $1.28 billion.
4 Manga’s popularity likely stems from its varied subject matter and genres. There is literally something for everyone! There are five main genres: Shōjo, Shōnen, Kodomomuke, Josei, and Seinen. Shōjo includes stories like Sailor Moon. It is geared toward girls with romantic, magical, or comedic themes. Shōnen includes stories like Dragonball. It is action, fantasy, and adventure written for boys. Kodomomuke, including the hit Pokémon Adventure series, is for young children. Josei and Seinen have older characters and are aimed at adults. However, there are no rules; people may enjoy any genre, regardless of sex or age. The volume and variety of manga is the key to its great success.
What does the phrase "geared toward" mean as it is used in paragraph 4 of "Manga"?
A.
shifted by
B.
tailored for
C.
provided to
D.
patterned after
B. tailored for
The following question has two parts. First, answer Part A. Then, answer Part B.
Part A:
Which statement BEST summarizes the central idea of "Manga"?
A.
The artist Osamu Tezuka is an important figure in the history of manga.
B.
Manga appeals to many people because of its diverse topics and styles.
C.
American comics and manga have a shared history, but they have very different styles.
D.
Manga and anime are often thought to be interchangeable, but they are not the same thing.
Multiple Choice Question
Part B:
Which sentence from "Manga" BEST supports the correct answer in Part A?
A.
The phrase "whimsical pictures" is a perfect description for this diverse medium loved by so many. (paragraph 1)
B.
The word manga comes from two Japanese characters: man, meaning "whimsical," and ga, meaning "pictures." (paragraph 1)
C.
Osamu's art and writing style influenced most modern manga that followed. (paragraph 2)
D.
It is action, fantasy, and adventure written for boys. (paragraph 4)