Which of the following describes how morphine was developed using scientific methods
Morphine was developed using scientific methods through the following steps:
1. Isolation: Scientists utilized various extraction methods to isolate morphine from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum).
2. Purification: The isolated morphine was further purified using techniques such as filtration, precipitation, and chromatography to obtain a highly concentrated and pure form.
3. Characterization: Scientists performed detailed chemical analysis to determine the molecular structure and properties of morphine, including its chemical formula and physical characteristics.
4. Pharmacological studies: Extensive research and experiments were conducted to understand the pharmacological properties of morphine, including its analgesic (pain-relieving) effects.
5. Clinical trials: Morphine was tested on humans in controlled clinical trials to assess its efficacy, dosage, and safety profile. These trials involved administering the drug to patients and closely monitoring their response and side effects.
6. Formulation: Based on the results of clinical trials, scientists developed different formulations of morphine, including various dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, injectables, and patches.
7. Regulatory approval: The developed formulations underwent rigorous regulatory scrutiny to ensure their safety and effectiveness. This involved submitting data from preclinical and clinical studies to regulatory agencies for evaluation and approval.
8. Production: Once regulatory approval was obtained, morphine production started on a larger scale, ensuring the drug's quality, consistency, and adherence to regulatory standards.
Overall, the development of morphine involved a systematic and scientific approach that included isolation, purification, characterization, pharmacological studies, clinical trials, formulation, regulatory approval, and production.