Mention 5 difference between the xylem cells and phloem cells
1. Function: Xylem cells are responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant, while phloem cells transport sugars, organic compounds, and other nutrients from the leaves to the other parts of the plant.
2. Structure: Xylem cells are long, tubular cells that are dead at maturity, with walls reinforced by lignin, allowing them to serve as a strong conduit for water transport. Phloem cells, on the other hand, are living cells with softer walls and various specialized structures for transporting nutrients.
3. Direction of flow: Xylem cells mainly transport water and minerals in an upward direction, from the roots to the leaves. Phloem cells transport sugars and other nutrients bidirectionally, both upwards (source to sink) and downwards (sink to source) within the plant.
4. Components: Xylem cells consist of tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are elongated, thin-walled cells with tapered ends and form a continuous chain, whereas vessel elements are shorter and wider with perforated end walls. Phloem cells are composed of sieve tube elements (responsible for nutrient transport) and companion cells (supporting and assisting the sieve tube elements).
5. Composition: Xylem cells are primarily made up of lignin, a complex polymer that provides structural support and enhances water transport. Phloem cells contain complex carbohydrates such as cellulose and callose, as well as proteins and lipids.