1a. With equations, explain (1) Oxidation and (il) Dehvaration
5. How does (1) rock type (ii) slope (iii) climate influence weathering?
c. Explair how (i) geological factor and (ii) over grazing cause erosion
1a. Oxidation refers to a process where a substance loses electrons or gains oxygen. It typically occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen or other oxidizing agents. Oxidation often leads to the formation of oxides or other compounds.
On the other hand, dehydration refers to the process of removing water molecules from a substance. This can occur through evaporation or chemical reactions that lead to the loss of water.
5. (i) Rock type, (ii) slope, and (iii) climate all influence weathering processes.
(i) Rock type: Different types of rocks have varying resistance to weathering. For example, igneous rocks like granite are more resistant to weathering compared to sedimentary rocks like limestone. The mineral composition, grain size, and structural properties of rocks determine their susceptibility to weathering.
(ii) Slope: The slope of the land affects the rate and intensity of weathering. Steep slopes accelerate erosion and weathering processes due to the increased flow of water and gravitational forces. Water runoff on steep slopes can cause erosion and mechanical weathering, resulting in the breakdown of rocks.
(iii) Climate: Climate plays a significant role in weathering. Areas with high temperatures and abundant rainfall generally experience higher rates of weathering. This is because the moisture and heat accelerate chemical reactions, including hydration and dissolution. Freeze-thaw cycles in colder climates can also lead to physical weathering.
c. (i) Geological factors and (ii) overgrazing can both contribute to erosion.
(i) Geological factors: Geological factors such as the type of rock, soil composition, and slope influence erosion. Softer rocks or loose soils are more easily eroded compared to harder rocks or cohesive soils. Steep slopes increase the speed and intensity of erosion, as gravity and water flow have a greater impact.
(ii) Overgrazing: Overgrazing refers to the excessive grazing of livestock on an area of land. When animals repeatedly consume vegetation faster than it can regrow, the protective cover of the soil is diminished. This makes the soil more susceptible to erosion by wind or water. Overgrazing also damages the root systems of plants, reducing their ability to stabilize the soil and prevent erosion.