Describe the observations of
Aristotle :
Ptolemy: answer here
Copernicus: answer here
Kepler: answer here
Galileo: answer here
Newton: answer here
Aristotle: Aristotle made numerous observations and conclusions about the natural world, including his understanding of motion, the classification of animals, and the concept of the four elements (earth, air, fire, and water). He also proposed a geocentric model of the universe, with Earth at the center and celestial bodies moving in perfect circular motion around it.
Ptolemy: Ptolemy was an astronomer and mathematician who expanded upon the geocentric model proposed by Aristotle. He observed the movements of planets and stars and developed a complex system of epicycles and deferents to explain their motions. Ptolemy's observations and calculations formed the basis for later astronomers' work for over a thousand years.
Copernicus: Copernicus challenged the geocentric model proposed by Aristotle and Ptolemy and observed that the planets, including Earth, actually revolve around the Sun. His observations and calculations led him to propose a heliocentric model of the universe, placing the Sun at the center. This was a significant shift in thinking about the cosmos.
Kepler: Kepler made several key observations of the planets, primarily through the meticulous analysis of the observations made by Tycho Brahe. His observations led him to formulate three laws of planetary motion: the planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one of the foci; the line connecting a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals; and the square of a planet's orbital period is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.
Galileo: Galileo made significant advancements in observational astronomy through the use of the telescope. He made observations of the Moon, discovering mountains and craters, and observed the four largest moons of Jupiter, known as the Galilean moons. He also observed sunspots and realized that the Sun is not a perfectly smooth celestial body but has imperfections. Galileo's observations and discoveries supported Copernicus' heliocentric model and challenged the geocentric view.
Newton: Newton's observations and experiments in physics led him to formulate the laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation. Observing the motions of objects on Earth and the movements of celestial bodies, he proposed that the same laws of motion governed both. His observations and calculations allowed him to explain the planetary orbits and the force that keeps them in motion, providing a comprehensive explanation for the mechanics of the universe. Newton's work laid the foundation for modern physics and astronomy.