Kocher test, Berry sign and Dalrymple sign
The Kocher test, Berry sign, and Dalrymple sign are three clinical signs used in the field of ophthalmology and neurology to assess certain eye conditions.
1. Kocher test: The Kocher test is used to evaluate exophthalmos, which is the protrusion of one or both globes of the eye. It involves asking the patient to slowly look downward while the physician observes the eyes. If the eyes do not move synchronously during downward gaze, it is indicative of a condition called oculomotor nerve palsy, which can cause exophthalmos.
2. Berry sign: The Berry sign is a visible pulsation of the retinal veins that occurs synchronously with the patient's heartbeat. It is associated with increased intracranial pressure, particularly in conditions such as idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) or papilledema. The presence of the Berry sign suggests elevated pressure within the skull.
3. Dalrymple sign: The Dalrymple sign is a characteristic eye finding in patients with Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland and can cause ophthalmopathy. It refers to a widened palpebral fissure, which is the space between the eyelids. When someone has Dalrymple sign, they will have a fixed wide-eyed stare due to the inability to fully close their eyelids.