the general objective of foreign policy of menelik the 2nd at the 1889-93
The general objective of Menelik II's foreign policy during the period of 1889-1893 was to strengthen Ethiopia's independence and protect its territorial integrity against the encroachment of European powers. Menelik's main focus was on countering the colonial ambitions of Italy, which sought to establish a colony in Ethiopia.
1. Battle of Adwa: The most significant event of Menelik II's foreign policy during this period was the Battle of Adwa in 1896. Menelik's main objective was to repel the Italian invasion and secure Ethiopia's independence. Ethiopia emerged victorious in this battle, becoming the only African nation to successfully resist European colonization.
2. Treaties with European powers: Menelik II sought to secure Ethiopia's sovereignty through negotiations with European powers. He signed treaties with France, Great Britain, and Russia, which recognized Ethiopia's independence and territorial integrity. These treaties served to deter further European encroachment and establish Ethiopia as an independent state in the international arena.
3. Modernization and infrastructure development: Menelik II's foreign policy also aimed to modernize Ethiopia and strengthen its military capabilities. He sought technical assistance and arms from European powers, particularly France and Russia. Menelik actively pursued infrastructure development projects such as roads, railways, and telegraph lines to improve communication and mobility within the country.
4. Neutralizing Italian influence: Menelik II was wary of Italian influence in Ethiopia. While the Treaty of Wuchale signed in 1889 allowed Italy to establish a protectorate over Ethiopia, there was a dispute over the interpretation of the treaty. Menelik sought to nullify this agreement and mobilized Ethiopian forces to reclaim areas controlled by the Italians.
Overall, Menelik II's foreign policy objective during 1889-1893 was to safeguard Ethiopia's independence, establish its sovereignty in international relations, and actively counter Italian colonial ambitions in the region.